ACADEMY OF 2018
WORKING TOWARDS A BRIGHTER FUTURE
ACADEMY OF 2017
WORKING TOWARDS A BRIGHTER FUTURE
ACADEMY OF 2016
WORKING TOWARDS A BRIGHTER FUTURE
Osei Elizabeth Nyarkoa
Civil Engineering
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi
Research Topic: The Conversion of Plastic Waste Produced in Ayeduase into Biofuel for Electric Power Generation
Research Institution: College of Engineering, KNUST
Summary of Research: The purpose of this project was to find an efficient way which would not just dispose of non-biodegradable plastic waste harassing the streets of Ayeduase (a town in Kumasi), but would also utilize this waste to produce energy. Elizabeth worked with Sedina to design and build the PlastoFuel (Plastic to Fuel) Technology, which makes use of a thermal decomposition process called pyrolysis. With the aid of the technology, plastics from the polythene, polypropylene and polystyrene groups were melted in an oxygen-free environment under high temperature and condensed into paraffin wax. This paraffin wax when distilled at certain temperatures, produces a highly combustible fuel with properties similar to that of diesel. The diesel can then be used to power electricity generators.
Reflection: "Being a part of this Summer Undergraduate Research Program has unearthed so many potentials in me. The challenges of brainstorming to find ways to make a solution work, paying attention to details and critical thinking has awakened the Engineering Problem Solving Attitude in me. I have also improved upon by team playing skills and established strong links with professionals who would guide me in my career path. I must say that, this Program has enabled me to develop versatility and build skills which are required in various fields in the world of work and this fits perfectly into my career goal of being a Health, Safety and Environmental Quality Engineer."
Abena Adjeiwah Williams
Chemistry
University Of Ghana, Legon
Research Topic: Evaluation of Some Vegetable Oils in the Production of Biodiesel.
Research Institution: Materials Research Laboratory, Department Of Chemistry-KNUST.
Summary of Project: Abena worked with her project partner, Gloria Doh on the extraction of oil from the seeds of kapok, kenaf and butternut plants from the Northern part of Ghana and the physiochemical characterization of the oils. Refined oils were then converted into biodiesel by transesterification.
Reflection: "The summer internship was quite demanding but a great learning experience. I was exposed to research and I was able to appreciate most of what I had been learning in class for the past years."
Ayidzoe Abra Mighty
Computing With Accounting
University for Development Studies
Research Topic: Development of a System to Determine the Level and Temperature of Oil in Oil Tankers, Irrespective of Their Geo-Location via the Web in Real Time.
Research Institution: KNUST, College Of Engineering
Summary of Research: Mighty worked with Rufia Adams, her partner to build a platform that uses cellular network to check and record the temperature and level of oil in a tanker from a remote distance.
Reflection: "The knowledge I acquired throughout the whole summer internship was very educative. During my project, I used some devices (like the Arduino board and sensors) which I had never seen nor touched, nor even aware of their existence. Now I am able to program these devices to perform tasks I want them to do. It was fun seeing my programs working and giving me accurate results. I am very grateful to ARAW for giving me such a great platform for learning. With this exposure, I can now undertake my own projects."
Araba Abaidoo-Myles
Biological Science
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi
Research Topic: Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. And Giardia lamblia In Stool Samples of Children under Twelve Years.
Research Institution: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research.
Summary of Research: Stool samples were collected from children under twelve who were suffering from diarrhea and analyzed. Two major methods were used to detect the presence of the parasitic pathogens (Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia lamblia); that is, microscopy using the ‘modified ziehl nelseen technique’ and ‘direct faecal smear saline and iodine wet preparation’ as well as molecular characterization using PCR. These methods resulted in 13% of the samples being positive for Giardia lamblia and 56.5% being positive for Cryptosporidium spp. It was then concluded that, most diarrhea cases are as a result of intestinal diseases caused by parasitic pathogens.
Reflection: "The Summer Undergraduate Research Program was very impactful and I have been opened to a lot of skills that I had no idea about. I have developed more passion to be a pediatric surgeon in future. My interest to be involved in scientific research has increased and aside the knowledge I have acquired from SURP, I have gotten the opportunity to work and share ideas with other people."
Gloria Doh
Chemistry
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi
Research Topic: Evaluation of Some Vegetable Oils in the Production of Biodiesel.
Research Institution: Materials Research Laboratory, Department Of Chemistry-KNUST.
Project Summary: In Ghana, the seeds of many plants, both edible and non-edible are being under-utilized. Following the reports on the limited access to fossil fuel due to over dependency and global warming owing to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, the seeds of plants are marginally explored for oil and for subsequent conversion into biodiesel, which can supplement the petroleum fuel without any major modification to engines. My work, basically was to extract oil from some selected seeds from the Upper East region of Ghana using the Soxhlet apparatus, further convert it into biodiesel and study their physicochemical properties. I also had the opportunity to learn the basis of molecular modelling in the computational laboratory, department of chemistry, where computer simulations were used to study chemical reactions.
Reflection: "The Summer Undergraduate Research Program was very educative and motivate. I can confidently use the analytical equipment and other equipment I encountered during my research. Now I can adequately conduct research in my field of study."
Sedina Abla Seglah
Environmental and Safety Engineering
University Of Mines and Technology
Research Topic: Conversion of Waste Produced In Ayeduase into Electric Power
Research Institution: College Of Engineering, KNUST
Project Summary: Sedina and her teammate Elizabeth Nyarkoa Osei, worked on designing a cheap and simple way to convert waste produced in Ayeduase into biofuel to power a generator for the production of electricity. This was done in order to manage the indiscriminate disposal of plastic waste in the town and to help with the power crises in our country today.
Reflection: "The Summer Undergraduate Research Programme really exposed me to the field of research and also intensified my desire to partake in research. It has also enlightened me on the true meaning of teamwork and also the act of producing results in spite of challenges."
Damata Ibrahim-Dey
Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology
University Of Ghana, Legon
Research Topic: Investigation of the Anti-Malarial Properties of Cruptelepis sp. And Newbouldia laevis.
Research Institution: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research.
Project Summary: It was found out that these herbal extracts possess some anti-malarial properties. They were compared to the standard Artesunate which is an active component of the Artemisinin combination therapy and had shown conserve anti-malarial property. Parasites were cultured and then the extracts were applied at various concentrations and the parasitemia was checked at time intervals to monitor growth of parasites. Finally the Sybr green assay was used to quantify results. After calculations it was found out that these two herbal extracts do contain some antimalarial property.
Reflection: "I gained important skills such as being resourceful, critical thinking among other qualities. I made a lot of new friends and met wonderful people who impacted my life. The values gained are priceless and I am grateful to ARAW-G for such a wonderful opportunity."
Sarah Bachelle
Medical Laboratory Technology
University of Cape Coast
Research Topic: Isolation of Poliovirus from Faecal Samples
Research Institution: Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research
Project Summary: Viral isolation was performed on faecal samples from Ghana and Benin. The samples were from patients who showed signs and symptoms of Acute Flaccid Paralysis; the golden standard for detecting poliomyelitis. Poliomyelitis is a disease of the central nervous system caused by poliovirus binding to CD 155 receptor in the intestines and throat. L20B and RD cell lines were used to observe cytopathic effects. There are three serotypes; type 1, 2 & 3. The disease is transmitted from one person to another by oral contact with the faecal material of an infected person. The project helped prove Ghana and Benin polio free.
Reflection: "During my eight weeks internship at Noguchi, through my exposure to lab diagnostic techniques such as Stool treatment, PCR and Hemagglutination Assays. I was able to meet my target of learning both some molecular and serological techniques employed in investigating diseases in the laboratory. I built on my team working skills by working with my supervisors and the other interns. On a whole, this internship was very useful; I gained new knowledge and skills and meet many great in people in the field of science."
Patience Adei Kotei
Chemistry
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Research Topic: Cytotoxic Potential of Morinda lucida Stem Extract on Human Liver Cancer Cells and the Pharmacokinetics of Drug ACKO -1
Research Institution: Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research
Summary of Project: Plants used as medicine dates back to the middle Paleolithic age. Most of these medicinal plants have served as the source of inspiration for the production of major therapeutic drugs. Plants produce small molecule natural products (Secondary metabolites) which have shown to possess some biological activity thereby helping to find lead compounds in the treatment of diseases. This work was to investigate the anti-cancer activity of Morinda lucida stem extract on cancer cell lines.
Reflection: "I increased my knowledge on methodologies used to investigate plants for potent biological activities. The internship was an opportunity to get immersed on a deeper level in another setting. It also helped to look at things from a different perspective. On the whole, this internship was a useful experience. I have gained new knowledge, skills and met many new people. I got insight into professional practice and how to go about a research work. The internship was also good to find out what my strengths and weaknesses are. This helped me to define what skills and knowledge I have to improve in the coming time. At last this internship has given me new insights and motivation to pursue a career in biomedical research."
Wilhemina Yaa Serwaah Amoah
Food Science and Technology
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi
Research Topic: Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing on Bacteria Isolated from Boreholes in the Savelugu – Nantong District Of Northern Ghana.
Research Institution: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research
Summary of Research: From the isolates I worked with, I found that a lot of the boreholes are contaminated with Escherichia coli which are coliform indicators. Escherichia coli in water show faecal contamination. The boreholes may be located in homes close to the sewage system or in the community close to public sewage systems. Escherichia coli are one of the useful microorganisms on the skin of human and they can get into the food and water we take into our bodies causing infections and diarrhea. They are found in human excreta and hence when boreholes are sited close to sewage tanks in homes, the microorganisms contaminate these water sources and affect the health of its users adversely.
Reflection: "The SURP was of help to me. I acquired knowledge on new things concerning other disciplines as well as make a lot of meaning out of the theoretical things I learnt in school. I also obtained skills on how to conduct research with little supervision and I believe I can mentor other young women with all the knowledge I obtained."
Millicent Naa Odarley Koshie Lamptey
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi
Research Topic: The Resistance Profiles of E. coli on Poultry Farms.
Research Institution: Faculty of Pharmacy, KNUST.
Summary of Research: Millicent found out that E.coli isolates from poultry source (workers and birds) are resistant to Ampicillin, Tetracycline and Co- trimoxazole, this is due to the extensive use of these antibiotics in animal husbandry, whereas the same isolates were susceptible to Gentamycin, Chloramphenicol, Cefotaxime, Cefuroxime and Ceftriaxone.
Reflection: "The summer undergraduate research program was very educating and exposing. I learnt a lot especially concerning research. I am happy I have improved upon myself now. I would like other females to take advantage of the opportunity to get to know more about research to help inform our continent."
Rufia Adams
Information Technology
University of Cape Coast
Research Topic: Development of a System to Determine the Level and Temperature of Oil in Oil Tankers, Irrespective of Their Geo-Location via the Web in Real Time.
Research Institution: College of Engineering, KNUST
Summary of Research: A software was developed to control a hardware device which was placed close to an oil tanker to be able to track its movement with a central database which collects all information about the tankers and drivers of the tankers which is displayed on a website (software aspect of the project) for the users in real time.
Reflection: "As an IT student, I used to limit myself to the software aspect of technology not giving much attention to the hardware aspect but with this Summer Undergraduate Research Program, I realized with IT one is supposed not to limit herself, but to explore all areas of her field. I also gained a lot because I combined engineering to my field of study."
Victoria Rosalyn Gorman
Food Science and Technology
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi
Research Topic: Microbial Quality of Fresh Cut Fruits from Two Sites.
Research Institution: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research
Summary of Research: Microbial load on fresh cut fruits sold at two different places under different conditions was determined. One site had the pre-cut fruits packaged in a high-density polythene rubber and refrigerated until the time of purchase while the other site had the pre-cut fruits packaged in low-density polythene bags in the open. Sample sites were selected based on proximity to the research institute. Two different scientific methods were used to determine the microbiological load for more accurate results.10g of each sample were homogenized and serially diluted and total colony counts obtained on PCA, total fungi counts on PDA and total coliform count on MA were recorded. Enumeration and identification were done using microbiological methods. Sterile swab sticks were swabbed on the entire surface of the fresh cut fruits, streaked and incubated on BA and MA at 37 for 24 hours. Enterococcus faecalis had most occurrences in samples from site 1. Listeria sp. was not present in any of the samples. Samples from site 2, which were kept in the refrigerator had very low counts of bacteria compared to samples from site 1.
Reflection: "SURP'16 was awesome! My mentor, supervisors, and roommates were very helpful. I also learnt new and interesting information inside and outside the lab. Though I took an early leave, I enjoyed every bit of it. I literally cried when I was leaving. I didn't want it to end. Thank you ARAW-G! I hope my research makes an impact in the society one day."
Catherine Korankye Toboh
Emergency Nursing
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Research Topic: Transition readiness assessment of paediatric patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) to adult care at the Sickle Cell Clinic (SCC) of Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH), Kumasi.
Research Institution: Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH).
Project Summary: Catherine identified that knowledge about having to transition to adult care amongst the study population of 50 patients, between 12 and 15 years who attended the KATH-SCC was inadequate and knowledge about the adult side, even amongst those who are at the transition age of 15 years was lacking. Based on the responses of the patients to the questions asked about their knowledge on SCD, there were still gaps despite the fact that most of them had been attending the sickle cell clinic since infancy. The responses of the participants also highlighted several psychosocial issues including stigmatisation. This calls for more attention to be drawn to the education of adolescent patients and the need to work further towards de-stigmatization of the disease within the public. Providing these and other long-term comprehensive care services will help to improve the lives of many adolescents and adults with SCD who lack the self-advocacy, independent living, vocational skills, and sense of self efficacy that will help them smoothly transition into adult life as transition from paediatric healthcare to adult care can become one of the most difficult and potentially traumatic experience for adolescents with Sickle Cell Disease.
Transition readiness encompasses specific decisions and actions taken in building the capacity of adolescents and those in his/her primary medical microsystem to aid in the preparation, beginning, continuation and completion of the process of transition.
Reflection: "I am most grateful to God Almighty who saw me through the summer internship programme successfully. Additionally, my sincere gratitude to ARAW-G for this great opportunity. The experience was awesome in terms of the knowledge and skills that I acquired working with my mentor, the staff of the sickle cell clinic and the rest of the team players. I have come to appreciate the fact that the journey would not have been this successful without determination, diligence and hard work, a requirement for every young woman who aspires to be in the STEM field and I can confidently say that, by the end of the programme, these are values that have been inculcated in me and I can conduct any meaningful research and also be a source of inspiration to other women, given the opportunity."
ACADEMY OF 2015
WORKING TOWARDS A BRIGHTER FUTURE
Delight Naana Datsomor
Food Science and Technology
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Research topic: Microbial Assessment of Food and Water consumed on the Ghanaian market
Research Institute: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research
Summary: Delight worked with her research mentor to assess the the quality(microbial amount) of food sold on the university campus as well as sachet water consumed by the Ghanaian public. Samples from hospitals were brought to the department for analysis. She analyzed throat swabs samples from the children’s hospital including their blood samples. She performed biochemical tests such as catalase test and coagulase test on the colonies that grew on the media as well as gram staining. She discovered that most ready-to-eat foods on the market were contaminated with enteric bacteria and established that food vendors need education on food hygiene.
Attah Edinam Ama Dei
Civil Engineering
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Research topic: Designing and Building beams, slabs and the basics of Structural Engineering
Research Institute: CSEng Consult
Summary: Edinam learnt the basics of structural design and had hands-on experience working on site with engineers.She worked on the design of concrete slabs,beams and columns as well as on site works such as excavation.
Samuela Asiwome Attu
Food Science and Technology
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Research topic: Investigating the microbial quality of Waakye sold by a vendor at University of Ghana
Research Institute: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research
Summary: Samuela found that the isolates including, Staphylococcus aureus, present are as a result of the poor hygienic conditions of the vendor or the cook. It can also be attributed to the conditions of the environment in which the food is sold or the holding temperatures. Staphylococcus aureus is mostly found on the skin of humans and hence enter food through unhygienic handling of food. These bacteria multiply rapidly at room temperature and produce a toxin that causes illnesses. Staphylococcus aureus is heat sensitive and hence are killed when food is heated however the toxin produced is heat sensitive.
Reflection: "The summer internship program was intensive. I benefited a lot from this program. I understood and gained more practical knowledge and skills from this internship. I believe I would be able to conduct meaningful and principled research in food microbiology by applying the techniques learnt. And given the platform, I would be able to transfer the knowledge acquired.”
Catherine Ladze Boyetey
Civil Engineering
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Research topic: Learning the Basics of Structural Design and Engineering
Research Institute: CSEng Consult
Summary: Catherine learnt the basics of structural design and had hands-on experience working on site with engineers. She worked alongside Edinam on this project while seeking guidance and mentorship from established civil and structural engineers.
Reflection: "With the exposure this internship has given me, with respect to field and construction work have given me a better understanding of structural engineering. I have also come to appreciate more, all I’ve been taught in the lecture halls.Not only has this experience expanded my knowledge base but has also built up my character as well as good working ethic.”
Seiyefa Abornyuie
Biology and Education
University of Education, Winneba
Research topic: Preparation and Maintenance of falciparium cell cultures
Research Institute: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research
Summary: Seiyefa worked on the preparation of packed RBCs, synchronization, maintenance of Plasmodium falciparium cultures in Petri dish and in culture flask and the preparation of MTT assay, GSH assay, reducing power assay and SYBR green assay.
Dorcas Naa Odarley Ablateye
Biomedical and Forensic Science
University of Cape Coast
Research topic: Genotyping Malaria Parasites
Research Institute: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research
Summary: Dorcas worked on genotyping malaria parasites in the blood stream as a way of detecting malaria parasites in the bloodstream as opposed to light microscopy that cannot detect very low concentrations of the parasite. She acquired and used skills such as PCR, ELISA and Gel Electrophoresis. Her research could lead to novel ways of detecting the plasmodium parasite.
Deborah Adjei
Information and Communication Technology
University of Education, Winneba
Research topic: Designing networks for Small Scale Businesses
Research Institute: Perfect Network Systems Ltd
Summary: Over the course of this period, Deborah acquired skills that allows her to set up, configure and troubleshot small network connections. She was introduced to the Open System Interconnection(OSI) models of setting up wireless networks. She also had on site experience with mounting network towers, configuring routers and setting up networks using the Nanostation-M2.
Reflection: "I had a wonderful experience throughout the whole summer internship program because I can now terminate cables, I have seen, touch and use the network tools and devices, do configurations and troubleshooting, provide internet access to clients, climb the network tower to about 12 feet and also manage my clients using software called Winbox.”
Abban Bernice Abanfowaa
Information and Communication Technology
University of Education, Winneba
Research topic: Designing the basis of wireless Internet connection for clients
Research Institute: Surf-Inn Internet
Summary: Over the period of the internship, Bernice worked on planning, developing and installing a high-speed wireless network service for a students in a hostel. She gained skills in wireless site surveys, internet infrastructure optimization and cost-cutting while providing a very fast internet service;skills that she aims to use in the future.
Kortei Audrey Naa Kordee
Biomedical Engineering
University of Ghana
Research topic: Ultrastructural study of the effects of cryptolepis sanguinolenta on plasmodium
falciparum infected red blood cells.
Research Institute: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research
Summary: Over the eight week period, Audrey learned and used techniques such as ELISA and RNA extraction as well as real-time PCR to analyze rotaviruses. To her, this summer internship program was very informative, educative and eye opening. In the short time that she worked at Noguchi, she gained a lot of experience in research methodology and its real life application. As part of her community outreach, she worked with a non-profit, STEMBees that seeks to teach girls basic programming skills. This was also a platform she used to encourage the young girls about pursuing careers in STEM and never to give up.
ACADEMY OF 2014
WORKING TOWARDS A BRIGHTER FUTURE
Nana Abena Korkor Addo
Biomedical/Forensic Science
University of Cape Coast
Research topic: Transmission dynamics of malaria in Bongo/Kasina -nanka District and the effect of cpds (22, 23 and F527) of some strains of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Specifically, how it affects the paraflagella rod (PFR).
Career goal: “After finishing my undergraduate studies, I hope to further pursue a research career focused on vaccine development for some of the diseases claiming millions of lives in Africa. I also plan to advocate for affordable medicines for medically underserved populations.”
Reflection: “I spent time searching for what I really wanted to do. I didn't want to just follow the trend but I wanted to make an impact in other people's lives. All I knew was medical school and when I didn't get in, I became devastated and broken to the extent that I didn't look for advice on what to do next. I had no "plan b". Most science students like myself lack knowledge about the opportunities we have in science. After this experience, I hope to study forensic science and being a part of this program has groomed me to reach that destination.”
Abigail Ofosua Adjei
Biomedical Engineering
University of Ghana, 2015
Research topic: Ultrastructural visualization of Mycobacterium ulcerans infected Acanthamoeba polyphaga cells: Optimization of electron microscopy fixatives.
Career goal: "I want to be one of the world’s best researchers making therapeutic discoveries for diseases affecting lives in Africa. I also plan to embark on a rural educational project, debunking myths associated with the contraction of diseases like Buruli ulcer.”
Reflection: “This research work has been informative and has broadened my knowledge about how research work is done. I have also gained skills in electron microscopy work!”
Post-graduation: Engineering Research and Application - University of Ghana Teaching Hospital (National Service)
Hikmatu Bilali
Agricultural Science
University of Ghana, 2015
Research topic: Comparative effects of local antimalarial drugs and artesunate on plasmodium falciparum.
Career goal: "In the future, I plan on establishing my own lab to train other scientists and work with them to discover therapies for tropical disease in Africa.”
Reflection: “The experience has made me bolder. I got to know the vast careers available in science as well as the direction to these careers. This internship has been an eye opener to many aspects of science. I am glad I had this internship and I am looking forward to more research opportunities. It helped wipe away my fear of my final year project work and presentation. Now, I can approach my project boldly with more knowledge, and I am more than grateful for that.”
Post-graduation: Teaching Assistant – Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and College of Basic and Applied Sciences – University of Ghana (National service).
Jessica Asante
Molecular Biology & Biotechnology
University of Cape Coast, 2015
esearch topic: In vitro procedures for evaluating cytotoxicity and the use of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
Career goal: “I aspire to be one of the best cancer researchers, and I hope to lead the campaign for a cure in order to eradicate the deadly disease.”
Reflection: "At the end of my internship program, I acquired knowledge and skills on how to culture cells and also use it in an MTT assay. I am really glad I received the opportunity to work in one of the best research institutes in Ghana. As a product of RAW-G, I have acquired a lot of skills such as how to culture cells and how it is used in cancer studies. They have also helped me greatly with the allowance that I was given. Being part of this initiative has really aroused my interest in cancer research. I aiming at finding an optional way of curing or minimizing it without using radiations since this imposes dangers on them as well.”
Post-graduation: Research Assistant – Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (National Service). (National service).
Linda Lartey
Animal and Conservational Science
University of Ghana
Research topic: Palliative Care and Training Workshop for Caregivers of Cancer Patients.
Career goal: “I have always been curious about why things appear the way they are...I want to help discover new findings in order to broaden my knowledge in different scientific areas.”
Reflection: “My participation in this summer research program allowed me to learn how to administer questionnaires, data entry analysis, make good presentations on research work and how to replicate the skills learnt from our research in our academic projects. My mentor and advosr, Efe Chantal Ghanney was amazing and easy to work with. Sincerely, research in the scientific and medical field has been a long awaited dream and this exposure has offered me a step to pursue my career of being a Research Medical Scientist.”